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C00002 00002	∂TO darden@sumex 16:18 13-Feb
C00007 00003	Open vs closed analogies
C00008 00004	∂24-Feb-82  0704	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	analogies and schemas   
C00011 00005	∂TO darden@sumex 14:35 10-Mar
C00019 00006	∂17-Mar-82  1148	KELLER at RUTGERS 	Analogy    
C00020 00007	∂21-Mar-82  0734	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	disruption of life 
C00028 00008	∂07-May-82  1301	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	your paper copied, other things   
C00034 ENDMK
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∂TO darden@sumex 16:18 13-Feb
Where are the world's heuristics?
Lindley -
You asked months ago for pointers to collections of heuristics.
I started a response to that question months ago; but never finished it.
Here's a more finished version of that msg:

That's a good question; and its answer gives some insight into the people
at HPP.  First, Doug considers these rules dirt cheap -- easily derivable and
readily modified.  I think this reflects more Doug's impressive ability to
generate heuristics than the nature of these beasts per se.
Mike and I agree the world would be better served if he wrote up each of these
little gems, complete with a derivational history, potential areas of application,
etc.  Both Bruce and Ed sorta concur with this view, in that they agree that
there is something special about heuristics -- that is, it is well worth 
spending whatever time and energy is necessary to extract them from the expert.
However, they seem to regard heuristics as beyond analysis or understanding.
For example, they never pursued the obvious idea of organizing the rules
into some (eg hierarchical) structure -- as Doug proposes in his recent paper,
and which he did, to a lesser degree, in AM.

HPP's name notwithstanding, "heuristics" is not used that frequently these days --
perhaps its mystique has finally died, and this class of objects are finally
being studied with the same respect we've given domains like chemistry,
meningitus, and (more recently,) representation.

A side note: one of the problem sets for the Intro to AI course a few years ago
asked for some examples of day-to-day heuristics.  
It was interesting to see the diverse selection of answers 
-- some people clearly understood the concept, and others never did.  
(One common mistake was to state simply the "THEN part" of a rule,
as in "Go the the bookstore".  Indeed, to this day a sign on Betty's door tells
us to "See Mary or Lynn" (as opposed to: "Rather than bother me, bother ...").)

But I never answered your question: many (all?) of the rules in the various
expert systems qualify as heuristics.  
(In addition, one can claim they are implicit in almost any system, or approach,
or internal principle.)
Anyway, I'm sure the PI associated with any running expert system would be
glad to send off a copy of his body of rules.  
(The AI Handbook lists many of these ESs.)

Hope this helps,
	Russ

How are things going now?  Life in general?
How'd your paper go over with the Phil of Science crowd?

Me: I'm quieting recording some thoughts on analogy (sorta following Hayes, etc,
in describing this phenomenon using the type of "naive", intuitive terms
we casually use.  The idea is to eventually formalize these ideas.  Anyway, I'll
send a copy of that file (if and) when I'm happy with it.
Open vs closed analogies
(1) STT tells me Polya (Ch II, Sect 19 of I&AinMath) discusses clarified
	vs vague analogies.
---
Wrt Rules - see "Models and Metaphors" chapter on Analysis of Rules
	[yes, MRG was using this title to base his article's title]

Tell MRG - read Hesse's chapter on Aristotle's use of analogy


Tell Lindley - Hesse's defn of "formal analogies" analogous to MRS's usage

Steve:
On p231-2, in Models & Metaphors
 discusses reformulation (another name)

∂24-Feb-82  0704	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	analogies and schemas   
To:   Analogy seminar:

    Tom D. sent me a copy of a msg from Bill Clancey about work by
Dave Kieras on subjects' use of abstract categories. Tom said: 
"Analogies seem to play a smaller role than we may have been 
thinking? Reactions?"
     I'm now reacting:  in my analogy paper I discuss two different
analyses of analogy: Hesse's view in which one directly maps between
the analogues and Mike G's view of analogies as "shared abstractions."
I suggested that we could do theory construction by analogy in several
ways. First, if we have a shared abstraction which fits our current problem,
then we use that.  But suppose no current abstraction is adequate. We
can proceed by direct mapping from an analogue (or piecemeal from
more than one). Then we can generate a new abstraction from the new
analogy by finding the positive analogical relations.  I think any view
of reasoning by using abstractions has to face how the abstractions get
constructed, and for creative work, how new ones get constructed. Finding
shared properties among similar items strikes me as the most likely
way of doing so.

     Any reactions? I would apprecaite receiving references on "schema-
based understanding," as Bill calls it.	I am trying to continue to read
the AI literature although I now am fully occupied with teaching and 
writing history and philosophy of science. Brief summaries of recent
work and references from all of you are most welcome.
     Bye, Lindley

-------

∂TO darden@sumex 14:35 10-Mar
Shoes and ships and seeling wax ...
Lindley -
	As promised, repeatedly, I am finally trekking east to visit
relatives.  My current plans have me in NY from 21-23 March, and then
to Boston from 23-26 March.
Will we be able to get together anytime anywhere over that interval,
given those constraints?
Let me know soon, please.

	Anything exciting happening thereabouts?  How is the Sumex-spawned
romance? and life in general?  (just in the off chance that last question
is not equivalent to its predecessor...)

	As you may have heard, the HPP held a retreat in Asilomar
the last few days.  Yours truly had the distinction of being singled out
there, being the sole participant to fall sufficiently ill to be ambulenced
off to a hospital, etc.  Making a long story short, it seemed to be a
minor case of food poisoning, deriving from a meal consumed a day before this
wing-ding.  (Evidence: the two other participants of that get together
were also quite sick, with similar bouts of diarrhea and vomitting, and the
like.)  I'm now basically recovered, just tired.
... the things I do for attention and excitement ...

	Anyway, I hope things are going well with you; and that we can
meet sometime during this visit to convey ideas/thoughts/feelings/prejudices/...

Caio,
	Russ

∂13-Mar-82  0651	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	trip east
To:   RDG at SU-AI
cc:   Darden at SUMEX-AIM

Dear Russ,
     I am very sorry to say that I don't think we will be able to get 
together.  I am recovering from major abdominal surgery for an 
ovarian cyst removal. By the week you come, I am hoping to be back to
teaching, having by then have missed about three weeks.  Surgery was
February 27 and I spent a week in the hospital.  I've now been home 
a week, trying to do the things that will enable the various parts 
of me to mend back together.  I definitely recommend avoiding being
cut open at every opportunity. But it does attune one to simple 
pleasures in life: the taste of a cold glass of water, the ability to
bound up a flight of stairs, the joys of getting outside the house.
   My spring break starts Monday, the 15th.  Luckily for my students
it means that I will miss one less week.  But I had planned to go to
Boston for the week and now I'm stuck here.
   Allan came down to be with me during surgery and stayed for ten
days, with a quick day trip back to Boston one day.  He has really
been terrific and the exerience has brought us closer together.
   Good news received before my illness:  I have an ACLS fellowship
for next fall and thus can spend the summer and fall through early
January in Boston.  I still have an NSF grant application pending,
which, if it comes throught, would give me the remainder of the year
there.
   Why don't we plan to talk on the phone one weekend.  I would very
much like to hear about your thesis ideas, other things in AI, and
find out how you are doing in general.  If that isn't legitimate
departmental business (as I remember long-distance phone calls were 
watched sort of carefully at Stanford), I have a cheap ITT long
distance service.  Just let me know when would be a good time to
call.
   I hope you are completely recovered from whatever bug you picked
up.  
   Bye, Lindley

------

∂TO darden@sumex 13:45 19-Mar
Talk about One-Upsmanship!
I'm sorry to hear about your ailments -- and hope you do manage a quick and
full recovery.  I remember hearing you mention you seem to get sick fairly
easy -- any chance those problems were somehow related to this;
and that this operation will render you healthier in the long run?
(Probably not I guess.  But you seemed already to have found one "silver lining" --
the time you were able to spend with Alan...)

Congratulations on your grants.  Pleasant as Maryland is, I'm sure
the full Boston environment will be yet nicer, especially considering its
fringe benefits (e.g. cheaper phone and airline bills).

Unfortunately I don't have time to call you this week-end --
too much stuff to do before leaving to go east.
Perhaps we can yak from Boston to Maryland... I'll be at
	(617) 253-2198 
from Tuesday afternoon thru Friday morning.
(This is brother Miles' apt, at
	1010 Massachusetts Ave. #61, Cambridge, Massachusetts.)
Feel free to call there any "reasonable" time -- I'm afraid I don't know Miles'
schedule.
Is (301) 454-2850 the best number to reach you?
(or is this just an office number?)

By the way, I'm (still) in the process of finishing up a paper on "Naive Analogy",
which I'll send as soon as I finish.  (Un)Fortunately I keep finding flaws and
inconsistencies in the report, which I have been fixing up, slowly slowly slowly.
But I do feel good about it -- and think I'm consolidating, in my mind at least,
the different things people mean when they refer to analogy.

I hope everything works out for you -- health/convalense-wise,
research-wise, and social-wise. 

	Looking forward to hearing from you soon,
Russ
∂17-Mar-82  1148	KELLER at RUTGERS 	Analogy    
To: RDG at SU-AI
cc: Keller at RUTGERS

Hi. Pat Schooley here at Rutgers tells me that you have
set up some kind of a bulletin board for people interested
in analogy.  If so, perhaps you could add my name to the
distribution list.  I'm a PhD student at Rutgers, and
I'm particularly interested in analogical problem solving,
and the use of abstraction and multi-dimensional viewpoints
I guess Carbonell's work comes closest to what I'm looking
at, but my approach will be quite different. (I'm now
formulating a thesis proposal.)

Thanks,
  Rich Keller
-------

∂21-Mar-82  0734	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	disruption of life 
To:   RDG at SU-AI
cc:   Darden at SUMEX-AIM

Hi, Russ.  I am slowly improving and hope to go back to teaching on
Tuesday, March 23.  Unfortunately I am now having to cope with yet
another problem.  My housing coop has finally started a project 
that has been in the works for a couple of years, converting oil
heat to electric heat.  I couldn't get them to postpone it, so 
workers will invade my house this week to put in wiring, take 
out radiators and put in baseboard heat.  Friends are coming
today to move my terminal and printer over to a neighbors to 
protect them from plaster dust.  So, I probably won't 
be seeing msgs for a couple of weeks.  I may move out to a 
friend's house.  Let's plan to talk in April.  My home number is
301-474-0037.
   Have a good trip East.  I hope you get a chance to enjoy lobster
and bookstores in Cambridge, two of my favorite things there.
   I look forward to seeing you analogy stuff when it is ready.
   Bye, Lindley
-------


∂29-Apr-82  1749	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	analogy paper 
To:   RDG at SU-AI
cc:   Darden at SUMEX-AIM

Hi, Russ.  I can't get to SAIL from SUMEX.  If you have a directory at 
SUMEX where you can put it, plese do that.  Otherwise, send it to my
mail and I'll try to print it out quickly before my overloaded directory
gets purged.  I'm looking forward to seeing it.  My terminal is now back
at home, so I'll be on more frequently.
Bye, Lindley
-------

∂TO darden@sumex 0:40 2-May-82
This and that
Lindley,
	Finally a chance to write!
I hope your move, both there and back, went ok;
and that you've completely convalesced.  
I'm glad to hear your surgery went well --
even though these sorts of "routine operations" are relatively safe,
it's still much better having them behind you...
Anyway, I'm glad it went well for you.

	My trip east was exciting, if tiring.  While it was disappointing
from a "profession" point of view, in that I didn't get a chance to speak
with all the AIer's I felt I should, I was pleased to be able to accomplish
my primary objective -- reacquainting myself with my brother Miles.
In that it was quite worthwhile.
(Also left for subsequent trips were lobsters and bookstores --
next time for sure!)

	I hope things are becoming/remaining well with you 
-- socially, professionally and physically. 
Me: life is as ever with me -- which is one of the problems.
There are a whole slew of standard questions:
	where am I living?
	what am I doing?
	what am I studying?
	what is my "social status"?
	what are my interests?
	...
The sad thing is the answers to these questions haven't changed for about 5
years.  Am I getting anywhere?  Am I heading in the right direction at least?

	Oh well, enough unproductive musing.
Onto business.  First, there are two more people who asked to be
added to the ANALOGY bulletin board:
SCHOOLERY%RUTGERS and KELLER%RUTGERS.
Both are PhD students in AI at Rutgers.
Pat Schoolery is a student of Tom Mitchell (of Version Space fame).
Her previous work includes
   o	a survey of AI systems that have attempted to use analogy in problem
	solving  environments.

   o	a paper (for an independent study project under Saul Amarel)
	describing a geometry problem solving system which uses
	analogy when presented with a new problem which is similar
	to a previously solved problem. 
	(Note: this system was never actually implemented as a 
	computer program.)

   o	a thesis proposal on the use of analogy in digital circuit redesign
	(still in a very rudimentary stage at this time)

Rick Keller is particularly interested in analogical problem solving,
and the use of abstraction and multi-dimensional viewpoints
to represent problem solving activity for analogical use.
(Both descriptions are from messages they (resp) sent to me.)

	Now for the latest news:  The moby-file
<GREINER>NAIVE.DOC on SUMEX holds the promised "What's in an Analogy"
paper.  (It should be readable as is -- let me know if there are any
funninesses in it.)  It is really supposed to be a dover press file,
explaining some of the funny fonts, silly notes, etc.
As this file alone takes more pages than my allocation,
please try to print a copy soon, so I can delete this file.
(Also, let me know if you'd like to see to source SCRIBE files...)

Final question:
My father is currently looking into printers, hoping to maybe buy one,
if there are any cheap enough.  I know you were in the market a while
back ... have you any suggestions?  Thanks.

By the way, I'd still like a chance to talk, at a higher bandwidth,
if that offer still stands...

	Take care,
Russ
∂07-May-82  1301	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	your paper copied, other things   
To:   RDG at SU-AI
cc:   Darden at SUMEX-AIM

Hi, Russ.  I copied your analogy paper; it took quite a while at
300 baud! It looks like a thesis already. I will look forward to 
reading it in the next week or so.  I am now in the middle of making
up and grading final exams.  It feels like a big weight is about to 
be liftedoff.
   I am feeling much better, though I am still weak and haveto rest
more than normal.  I am now beginning to think about packing to move
to Cambridge, by about June 1, depending on when I can rent myhouse.Sorry
we couldn't make contact on your trip East.  Why don't you send me 
phone numbers and I will plan to call after I read your paper. I have 
ITT long distance service that will make calling pretty cheap on 
weekends.
   The students from Rudgers sound interesting.  I'll send them a 
msg when time permits.
   My printer is an Epson MX80F/T. Although it is a dot matrix, it 
isn't as dotty as some and it has been quite good for my needs.  The 
major problem that I have with it is that it doesn't have the ability
to send xon/xoff msgs to the computer when its buffer fills, so I 
can't run it at 1200 baud or in double-strike mode for anything 
longer than a couple of pages. I don't know if newerones have that
feature corrected.  Also, it doesn't recognize tab characters, but 
I have adjusted to using spaces instead.  It is small, good value
for the money, and has been quite reliable during the year or so
that I have had it.  The June 1982 issueof POPULAR COMPUTING has 
a long article on printers that your father might find helpful.
   Well, I have to go off to give an exam now.
   Bye, Lindley
-------

∂TO darden@sumex 21:54 12-May
on and on and on
Lindley-
	Thanks for your information of printers... It's already
en route to my father.  Sorry to make you print those 50 pages
at that rate -- I naively forgot how long that would take.  
(It would have been easy to simply mail a prettier version to you.
next time...)

I've not heard from those Rutger-ites for the last several months --
but then again I've not initiated any contact for almost as long.

I had a good talk with Steve Tappel the other day --
he's onto some interesting ideas.  Has he kept you posted?

When will you move to Boston?  Do you know where you'll stay there?
Perhaps I could call you -- I'm sure I could sneak a use on our
long distance lines here.  Let me know when, and to where.

Hope all is well with you.  Do enjoy Boston (in case there was any question
in your mind...)

Take care,
	Russ

∂05-Jun-82  0649	Darden at SUMEX-AIM 	Boston number 
To:   RDG at SU-AI
cc:   Darden at SUMEX-AIM

Hi, Russ.  I read your analogy paper and have only a few comments which
I will send along soon.  I have moved to Cambridge and plan to be here
through December.  The phone is 617-547-6410.
    Did you meet Allan Maxam when he visited Stanford a couple of weeks
ago?  He said he talked to a group, but spent most of his time with Ed
and Peter.  
   I am busy trying to write a couple of papers and book reviews before
I can get to my "real" work on reasoning in theory construction.
   More, soon....
   Bye, Lindley
-------